In ., the Fifth Circuit Court of appeals held that the U.S.  EPA overreached in its 2008 Clean Water Act (CWA) Rule, which required CAFOs  that discharge or “propose” to discharge apply for a permit. The Rule created a separate “duty to apply” distinct from the requirement to have a permit when discharging.  In a unanimous decision, the Fifth Circuit held that EPA’s “duty to apply” was an attempt by EPA to expand the liability scheme under the CWA beyond what the statute allows. Relying on the Second Circuit’s decision in (which struck down parts of EPA’s 2003 CAFO rule), he Fifth Circuit found that EPA’s authority under the CWA is strictly limited to the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters, and until that discharge occurs, EPA lacks regulatory authority. The has hailed the decision as “a major court victory.”