Priority of coverage disputes can arise where different insurers for different insureds cover the same claim. Generally, competing insurers will compare the “Other Insurance” clauses of their policies to decide who should cover the claim first. But where one of the insureds owes contractual indemnity to the other, the indemnity obligation may govern. Thus, the insurer for the insured who owes indemnity may cover the claim first, even if it would have been excess per the “Other Insurance” clauses. Such was the case in Cent. Sur. Co. v. Metro. Transit Auth., et al., No. 20-1474-CV, 2021 WL 4538633, at *1 (2d Cir. Oct. 5, 2021).
In Metropolitan, Metropolitan Transit Authority and Long Island Railroad contracted Rukh Enterprises, Inc. as general contractor for a project. In turn, Rukh subcontracted East Coast Painting & Maintenance to complete lead-related work. During the project, an employee of subcontractor East Coast was injured. The employee sued Rukh and Metropolitan for negligence. The lawsuit eventually settled. Three of the four implicated insurance companies—Admiral Insurance Company (for Metropolitan), Arch Insurance Company (for Rukh), and Harleysville Preferred Insurance Company (for East Coast)—agreed to contribute to the settlement. Century Surety Company, an excess insurer for Rukh, disclaimed coverage.
Before the settlement, Century Surety filed a complaint seeking a declaration that it owed no coverage for the employee’s injury claim. Admiral filed a separate complaint asking the court to require Century Surety to defend and indemnify Metropolitan, and rule that Admiral’s policy was excess over Century Surety’s policy. The district court consolidated the actions. It granted Century Surety’s motion for summary judgment. The district court found that the “Other Insurance” provision of the Century Surety policy made it a “true excess policy” that did not have to pay until the limits of the other policies had been exhausted. Id. at *2.
On appeal, Admiral did not dispute that the Century Surety policy was a “true excess policy.” Rather, Admiral argued that the district court erred in failing to recognize the legal effect of the indemnity provision in the general contractor agreement between Rukh and Metropolitan. The indemnity provision of the contract required Rukh to indemnify Metropolitan for liability arising out of the project. According to Admiral, the indemnity requirement trumped the “Other Insurance” language of the policies and, therefore, Century Surety had to exhaust its policy limits before the Admiral policy.
The court agreed with Admiral that the trial court erred in concluding that Admiral’s policy applied before the policy issued by Century Surety. The court explained that the principal issue on appeal was whether the indemnity provision in the general contractor agreement governed over the “Other Insurance” provision in the Century Surety policy. The court reasoned that if the indemnity provision requiring Century Surety’s insured to indemnify Admiral’s insured controls, then Century Surety must pay before Admiral. Id. at *2. Alternatively, if the “Other Insurance” provision controls, then Admiral must pay into the settlement before Century Surety because the Century Surety policy would be excess to any other applicable insurance, including over the Admiral policy. Id.
The parties agreed that New York law governed the dispute. Because the New York Court of Appeals had not addressed this issue, the court had to predict how it would rule. The court found Indem. Ins. Co. of N. America v. St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co., 74 A.D.3d 21 (1st Dep’t 2010) and Arch Ins. Co. v. Nationwide Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 175 A.D.3d 437 (1st Dep’t 2019) instructive. Although there was an earlier case to the contrary, the court found Indemnity and Arch more probative of how the New York Court of Appeals would decide the issue.
The court explained that both Indemnity and Arch involved contractors who entered into contracts with indemnity provisions like the one between Metropolitan and Rukh. In those cases, the indemnity provisions also conflicted with the terms of the “Other Insurance” clauses in the insurance policies. The court provided that, in Indemnity, that court found the “Other Insurance” provision irrelevant because of the existence of the indemnity agreement between the insureds. Id. at *3. Specifically, in Indemnity, the court reasoned that even if the contractor’s insurance were excess, it would pay first because, through the indemnity obligation, the owner’s liability would “pass through” to the contractor and its insurers. Id. Likewise, the court explained that in Arch, since the owner was entitled to indemnification from the contractor and, therefore, a complete “pass through” of liability, then the contractor’s insurer must respond first. Id. Based on those decisions, the court determined that New York’s highest court would adopt the holdings in Indemnity and Arch—that an indemnity agreement in the underlying contract between insureds governs over the terms of an insurance policy when determining priority of coverage.
Beyond Indemnity and Arch, the court cited decisions from other Circuit courts for support. Id. at *4 (citing Accord St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Am. Int’l Specialty Lines Ins. Co., 365 F.3d 263, 272, 277 (4th Cir. 2004) (“Virginia would conclude that the indemnification obligations set forth in the [underlying agreement] need not be set aside for a separate proceeding but should be considered in this case before allocating responsibility for the settlement liability according to the terms of the relevant policies”); Am. Indem. Lloyds v. Travelers Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 335 F.3d 429, 436 (5th Cir. 2003) (“the clear majority of jurisdictions . . . gives controlling effect to the indemnity obligation of one insured to the other insured over ‘other insurance’ or similar clauses in the policies of the insurers[.]”); and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. RLI Ins. Co., 292 F.3d 583, 587 (8th Cir. 2002) (“[U]nnecessary to resolve these issues about the ‘other insurance’ clauses because the indemnity agreement controls the outcome”).
Based on Indemnity and Arch, as well as on persuasive authority, the court held that the indemnity requirement between the insureds governed over the “Other Insurance” clause of the Century Surety policy. Thus, “under New York law, Century Surety, as Rukh’s insurer, is liable to pay into the underlying settlement and exhaust its policy limits before Admiral, [Metropolitan’s] insurer.” Id. at *5.
Metropolitan exemplifies the importance of companies understanding not only the terms of their commercial contracts but also how they interact with the insurance potentially available to them. Understanding the dynamics between commercial contracts and insurance policies may help a company conserve the limits of insurance under its policies by shifting liability to, for example, a vendor who may owe contractual indemnity obligations. Under those circumstances, the vendor’s insurer might have an obligation to cover a claim against the company. Thus, the company can tap into the vendor’s insurance coverage and avoid exhausting its own limits.