On 16 October, in the wake of US President Trump’s decision not to certify Iran’s compliance with the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the EU issued a statement saying that “it is committed to the continued full and effective implementation of all parts of the JCPOA”. Furthermore, that “the European Union considers President Trump’s decision not to certify Iran’s compliance with the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) as being in the context of an internal US process. The EU encourages the US to maintain its commitment to the JCPOA and to consider the implications for the security of the US, its partners and the region before taking further steps”.